Prevalence of schistosomiasis in al-baha province, saudi arabia in years 2012 and 2013 [prospective and comparative study]

The rate of human schistosomiasis increased in Al- Baha Province, Saudi Arabia in the last few years. So, it was necessary to study the prevalence of human schistosomiasis in AI-Baha Province over the period of the two years [2012-2013].In general, there was a decline in the prevalence of schistosomiasis in Al- Baha over the study period and it was significantly less in 2013 than it was in 2012. Schistosomiasis infection rate was affected by host sex as males had higher infection rate than females. Age group of 15-44 showed the highest infection rate. Prevalence of schistosomiasis in Saudi people was significantly higher than it was in non-Saudi or immigrant ones. Thus, more attention should be paid to AI-Baha area in the future schistosome control programmes

Antibiotic resistance pattern among common bacterial uropathogens with a special reference to ciprofloxacin resistant Escherichia coli.

Background & objectives: The resistance of bacteria causing urinary tract infection (UTI) to commonly prescribed antibiotics is increasing both in developing as well as in developed countries. Resistance has emerged even to more potent antimicrobial agents. The present study was undertaken to report the current antibiotic resistance pattern among common bacterial uropathogens isolated in a tertiary care hospital in south India, with a special reference to ciprofloxacin. Methods: A total of 19,050 consecutive urine samples were cultured and pathogens isolated were identified by standard methods. Antibiotic susceptibility was done by Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. The clinical and demographic profile of the patients was noted. Results: Of the 19,050 samples, 62 per cent were sterile, 26.01 per cent showed significant growth, 2.3 per cent showed insignificant growth and 9.6 per cent were found contaminated. Significant association (P<0.001) of prior use of antibiotics in males, UTI in adults, gynaecological surgery in females, obstructive uropathy in males and complicated UTI in females with the occurrence of UTI with ciprofloxacin resistant Escherichia coli was noted. Significant association was noted in females with prior antibiotics, with prior urological surgery and in males with prior complicated UTI. There was no significant association with diabetes mellitus with the occurrence of UTI with ciprofloxacin resistant E. coli. Fluoroquinolone resistance was found to increase with age. Interpretations & conclusions: Ciprofloxacin resistance has emerged due to its frequent use. This resistance was seen more in the in-patients, elderly males and females. Also the resistance to other antibiotics was also high. Increasing antibiotic resistance trends indicate that it is imperative to rationalize the use of antimicrobials in the community and also use these conservatively.

Study of the prevalence of some substances of abuse among some injured patients admitted to tanta university emergency hospital

Trauma remains the leading cause of death among young adults, excessive alcohol and drug consumption are not only significant contributors to this epidemic, but are also independent predictors of injury recidivism [repeated trauma]. In the present study one hundred injured patients with different types of injuries were randomly selected from Tanta University Emergency Hospital. Trauma sheet was done for every patient. Ten ml urine was obtained from each patient at the time of admission and before receiving any kind of treatment whether medical or surgical. Then, toxicological screening for some common substances of abuse [cannabinoids, benzodiazepines, opiates amphetamines and barbiturates] were done for every patient by using multi drug panel enzyme immunoassay [EIA] test. Toxicological screening of urine samples of the studied injured patients for drug of abuse revealed that the overall prevalence of positive screen was 50% of the total injured patients. Single substance abuse was reported in 52% of the positive cases for substance of abuse and poly-substances abuse incidence was 48%. Cannabinoids were the most prevalent substance of abuse and was found in 32% of the patients. Benzodiazepines were present in 28% of the injured patients followed by barbiturates 16%, opiates 8% and lastly amphetamines 2%. The majority of drug abusers had accidental and homicidal injuries. Road traffic accidents[34%] followed by violence [28%] are the main causes of injury among studied patients. There was a high prevalence of repeated injury and previous admissions for traumatic injuries among injured patients who were positive for substances of abuse

Study the effect of perinatal asphyxia on kidney function of term newborn

The kidney is very sensitive to oxygen deprivation, within few hours of an ischemic episode renal insufficiency will occur. The condition is reversible but prolonged renal insufficiency will cause renal damage with irreversible cortical or modularly necrosis [Groshong et al, 1991] ischemia is one of the major causes of renal failure [Rudolph, 1989]. In the study by Alejandro et al. [1999] 57% of infants with perinatal asphyxia developed acute renal failure. To study the effect of perinatal asphyxia on kidney function of full term newborn . 30 asphyxiated FT newborn and 15 control were subjected to comprehensive history and renal function evaluation study. Routine urinalysis-of cases, with perinatal hypoxia revealed proteinuria in 41.7% in patients. Many epithelial cells were found in 53.5% of the . cases with perinatal asphyxia. Mean urine analysis for R.B.Cs of patients [6.33 RBCs/HPF +/- 4.02 RBCs/HPF]' which was significantly higher than that of controls [4.16 RBCs/HPF +/- 2.69 RBCs/HPF]. Mean urine analysis for pus cells of patients [2.84 pus cells/HPF +/- 1.59 pus cells/HPF] which was not significantly different than that of controls [3.08 pus cells/HPF 4-3.87 pus cells/HPF]. Mean urinary 82 micro globulin concentration in patients [218.30 ng/ml +/- 100.93 ng/ml] was significantly higher than that of controls [144.316 ng/ml +/- 126.3 nglml] which is specific for tubular renal insult in renal impairment. Mean urinary urea in patients was [7.727 +3.16 meq/1] which was not significant in relation to controls 96.80 +2.907 meq/ 1]. Mean urinary creatinine in patients was [1.30 +1.4 meq/1] whjch was not significantly different than controls [1.22 +1.09 meq/1]. Elevated serum creatinine and urinary 82 microglobulin concentration, were detected in cases of perinatal asphyxia so in any hypoxic newborn infant. An early assessment of serum creatinine and 82 microglobulin in urine should be performed in every newborn with asphyxia

Epidemiologic approach for early detection and control of renal and urinary tract diseases in rural populations

The dipstick testing, microscopic examination of urine and urine cytology were performed for inhabitants from two rural villages [El Shobak El Sharki, V.I and El Katta, V.2] in Giza G. The proliferating cell nuclear antigen [PCNA] and Schistosoma haematobium antigen were done by immuno-histochemical stain to confirm diagnosis. Also, they were subjected to medical questionnaire, clinical examination, ultra-sonography of kidneys and urinary tract. The results showed that V.2 had higher percentage of haematuria, proteinuria, glucosuria and lower urinary tract infection than V.I. Crystaluria was higher in V.I. Sensitivity of dipstick testing compared to microscopic examination was 26.6%, and specificity was 78.7%. Lower urinary tract infection cytologically detected was 44.2% sensitivity and 62.5% specificity compared to pyuria detected by microscopic examination of urine. Among those suffering variable urinary abnormalities, schistosome antigen was not detected in any fixed urine samples in comparison to corresponding confirmed positive controls. Urine cytology detected urinary tract infection, Crystaluria, dysplasia and atypia, squamous metaplasia and transitional cell carcinoma [TCC]. PCNA positivity was found in TCC [100%], dysplasia [50%] and squamous metaplasia [28.6%]. So, microscopic examination of urine proved valuable for tract abnormalities as pyuria, haematuria and crystaluria. Also, urine cytology is a must for malignancy of urinary tract especially in adult males

Urinary tract infection in term neonates with prolonged Jaundice

The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of urinary tract infection [UTI] in neonates with prolonged jaundice. Newborn infants with jaundice lasted more than 2 weeks were included in this study. Patients who had other signs or symptoms were excluded. Workup of prolonged hyperbilirubinemia was performed, including direct Coomb's test, blood group of the neonate and the mother, complete blood count, blood smear, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase [G6PD], reticulocyte count, serum level of bilirubin [ unconjugated and conjugated], thyroid function tests [serum thyroxine [T4] and thyroid-stimulating hormone], urinalysis, and suprapubic urine culture. Pediatric nephrologists carried out further investigation including kidney function tests, renal ultrasonography, voiding cystourethrography, and Technetium Tc 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scintigraphy for patients with positive urine culture for microorganisms. Of 100 neonates who were evaluated, 43 were boys and 57 were girls. All of the neonates were breastfed. Six suffered from UTI [4 boys and 2 girls]. Reflux was detected on voiding cystourethrography in 1 and cortical defect in the kidney of renal scan in 2 boys. In our region, with a high rate of breastfeeding, UTI remains as an important cause of prolonged jaundice. Despite the high rate of urogenital system abnormality accompanied by neonatal UTI, there was not a significant difference between the signs and symptoms of jaundice in patients with and without UTI. Performing urine cultures should be considered as a routine procedure in the evaluation of every infant with prolonged jaundice

Evaluation of safety of Tobramycin and Piperacillin combination on rabbit kidney

Tobramycin, an aminoglycoside, and piperacillin, an antipseudomonal penicillin, are widely used to treat Gram -ve infections. Their concurrent use is recommended because of their synergistic action and prevention of resistant strains against monotherapy. This experimental work was aimed to study the effects and interaction of these important drugs on rabbit kidney. Male rabbits were administered tobramycin, piperacillin, and tobramycin plus piperacillin for 21 days [n = 6 in each group]. Blood and urine samples were collected on day O, 11, and 21. Blood was analyzed for BUN, serum creatinine, serum potassium, and serum sodium while urine was analyzed for urine volume, creatinine, albumin and specific gravity. Renal creatinine clearance was calculated. Results showed some change in renal function with use of tobramycin but piperacillin neither changed the renal function nor did augment the toxic effect of tobramycin so it was concluded that combination of both drugs in safe

Urodynamic evaluation of primary nocturnal enuresis in adolescents

To evaluate adolescent cases of primary nocturnal enuresis using clinical and urodynamic assessment for detection of the underlying aetiology. Between may 2004 and December 2005 this work was carried out on 50 enuretic patients with a mean age of 15.7 years [range 14.5-16.5 years] 26 males and 24 females, all patients were subjected to full history taking including enuretic history, a voiding diary, family history was also taken. A thorough physical examination including neurological examination was done. Investigations were also done including urine analysis, KUB film, pelviabdominal ultrasonography. Urodynamic assessment was also done for all the patients, including uroflowmetry and voiding cystometry. Repeated bedwetting at night occurring in 20 cases [40%]. Polyuria in 3 cases [6%] and urgency in 3 cases, a poisitive family history in one patient. Neurologically signs of neurologic disorders in 3 cases; urodynamically 1 patient showed obstructive flow, overactive bladder detected in 18 patients, 17 of them polysymptomatic and one case was monosymptomatic. persistence of primary nocturnal enuresis into adolesency may indicate an underlying aetiology especially in the polysymptomatic patients

prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis infection by molecular analysis of urine samples in women attending OB and GYN clinics in Tehran

Chlamydia trachomatis is a common and curable STI which can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Nowadays, PCR is a very sensitive diagnostic tool for detecting Chlamydia in urine and can be used in routine screening procedures as a noninvasive test. There are few studies on the prevalence of C. trachomatis in Iranian women and most of them have small sample sizes which are not suitable for epidemiological deductions. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of urogenital C. trachomatis infections by PCR on urine samples of women in their fertility years and to evaluate the necessity of screening for asymptomatic infections in Iranian women. This WHO supported descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was performed on 1052, 15-49 year-old women. Participants were selected randomly from attendees of 5 Obstetric-Gynecologic clinics in Tehran during summer and fall of 2003. The research material consisted of a questionnaire and urine samples which were transported to Avesina Research Institute daily to extract their DNA and prepare them for PCR tests. The gathered data were analyzed by SPSS, version 11, and evaluated statistically by t-test, Chi-square, variance analysis and logistic regression, while considering p<0.05 as significant. The mean age of participants was 28.52 +/- 6.36 years. 56.2% of them had high school education, 94.2% were married, 91.8% were housewives, 32.5% were pregnant, 93.8% were sexually active, 99% of them were monogamous and 48.1% were on contraceptive methods. Among sexually active and non-pregnant participants, 10.4% were taking OCPs, 8.7% were using condoms, 16.3% had IUDs and the rest were on other contraceptive methods. In their reproductive history, 39% had vaginal discharges, 12.9% pelvic pains, 1% ectopic pregnancies, 21.2% abortions, 6.5% premature deliveries, 2.7% low birth weight infants and 7.2% were infertile. 129 subjects, [12.3%], had positive PCR tests. Statistically, there was no significant relationship between subjects, reproductive and personal histories of the subjects with the test results. Based on the estimated prevalence, it seems that chlamydial infection is prevalent in the studied population. In populations with prevalences higher than 4%, screening programs are recommended, so that Chlamydia screening can be considered as a part of health care programs in Iran to reduce the burden of the disease

Attachment of Proteus mirabilis to human urinary sediment epithelial cells in vitro

In vitro attachment of 335 Proteus mirabilis strains from various human sources to human urinary tract epithelial in adhesive capacity was found between Proteus mirabilis strains were isolated from the blood of 30 patients with Bacteria, Burns swabs 59 infected skin, the stool of 36 healthy subjects and 56 patients with diarrhea and the urine of 62 adults and 92 children with bacteremia. High mean adhesion values were observed in all groups. The Proteus mirabilis strains attached only to squamous cells and not to transitional epithelial cells. The attachment of Proteus mirabilis to sequamous epithelial cells was high about day 15 of the menstrual cycle of the epithelial cell donor, but low at the beginning and the end of the cycle

Bacterial infections in renal transplant recipients

Urinary tract infection [UTI] is considered as one of the important bacterial infections seen among renal transplant recipients. In the present study, bacterial urinary tract infections in renal transplant recipients were investigated. Eighty-seven renal transplant recipients [57 males and 30 females] were included to study the bacterial UTIs. Clean- catch midstream urine specimens were obtained from patients and studied using microscopic analysis and culturing on appropriate bacteriologic media. Bacterial isolates were identified by standard biochemical and serological tests. UTIs were diagnosed in 29 percent of patients [18 males and 11 females]. The most common causative bacterial strains were coagulase negative Staphylococci [31%] and Entrobacter spp [20.7%]. The results showed that all of Proteus spp, Pseudomonas spp, Klebsiella spp, and Enterococcus spp were resistant to most of tested antibiotics, so this research reflects that these multiple resistant bacteria can be accounted as the most cause of UTI in renal transplant recipients

Correlation of protein measurements in 4 and 24 hour urine samples in women with initially diagnosed preeclampsia

The aim of this study was to substitute measurement of 4 hour urinary protein instead of 24 hour urinary protein, which is the gold standard of proteinuria detection in patients with preeclampsia. This descriptive - cross sectional prospective study was conducted in two university hospitals in Zahedan in the year 2004. 38 patients who were admitted due to preeclampsia and had 1+ or more proteinuria were studied. Each patient collected two urine samples: one was 4 hour urinary collection [from 8 o'clock to 12 mid day] and the other was 24 hour urinary collection [from 8 o'clock to 8 o'clock]. This study showed Pearson coefficient correlation for 4 hour urinary protein and 24 hour urinary protein was r= 0.96 [P< 0.01]. This study showed there is a direct correlation between 4 hour urinary protein and 24 hour urinary protein, and we can substitute the results of the former test for the latter

Prevalence of UTI among pregnant women attending the antenatal clinics in primary health care centres

Estimate the prevalence of urinary tract infection in pregnancy in Bahrain and describe the associated risk factors. Descriptive cross-sectional study during the period of one year from 1[st] of February 2002 till 31[st] of January 2003. All primary health care centers in Bahrain. 343 cases of pregnant women with UTI. The prevalence of UTI in pregnant women was 3.2%. 6 1.2% of them had asymptomatic bacteriuria.. For the group studied 60.1% were in low socioeconomic class. On reviewing their history, 19.9% of the ladies had history of previous UTI, 10.6% of them were sickle cell trait and 2.2% had B-thalaslmia minor. The prevalence of anemia among the study group was 32.7%. The most common organism was E coli [53.4%], the second most common organism was Beta hemolytic streptococci which constitute [22.2%] of the cases. The antibiotic which was sensitive to most organisms was Cifuroxime [Zinnat] [97.2%]. The relatively high prevalence of ASB during pregnancy justify screening pregnant women for bacteriuria at 12-16 weeks of gestation

Prevalence of schistosomiasis in children presenting to Sam Hospital, Sana'a City Republic of Yemen

To estimate the prevalence of schistosomiasis in children presenting to Sam Hospital Sana'a City, Republic of Yemen. This record-based study was done in Sam Hospital, Sana'a City during four and half years, from January 1, 1999 to June 30, 2003. Patients seen for different causes through that period numbered 103000. Some of the patients had intestinal symptoms, colicky abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea, or urinary symptoms, frequency, dysuria, and hematuria and were subjected to laboratory, investigation, [stool, urine analysis and complete blood cell count]. Data about age, sex and place were also collected. Stool and urine examinations were carried out in 23100 patients, 14414 were males and 8686 were females; only 82 [3.55%] of them were diagnosed as positive for schistosomiasis by identifying the eggs in stool or urine. The mean age of the patients was 12.2 years. Males numbered 70 [85.4%] while females numbered 12 [14.6%]. All patients had a history of water contact in rural areas around Sana'a City. Schistosoma mansoni infections constituted 85.4% [70 patients] and Schistosoma heamatobium affected 14.6% [12patients]. More than two thirds of the infected patients were above 9 years. All infected children had eosinophils >/= 5% [5-79%] of the total while blood cells. Infections are endemic in rural areas around Sana'a City. The prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni was higher than Schistosoma haematobium, and also the prevalence of infection increased with age. Schistosomiasis affected males more than females

Cytokeratins as useful serum markers in the diagnosis and monitoring of Egyptian bladder cancer. A comparative study between TPA and TPS

Cytokeratins [CKs] have been shown to he over expressed in bladder cancer and to be valuable as tumor markers in urology. The present study was designed to evaluate the diagnostic value of Tissue Polypeptide Antigen [TPA] and tissue Polypeptide Specific Antigen [TPS], as serum markers exploring some specific CKS, in the diagnosis and monitoring of bladder cancer. For this purpose, a cohort of 174 case were allocated into three groups; group 1 included 64 histologically confirmed primary bladder cancer patients scheduled for different treatment modalities, group 2 comprised 75 cases with benign urologic conditions and group 3 were 35 healthy volunteers. Serum TPA and TPS were estimated in all cases after initial evaluation as well as postoperatively in group 1 using an Enzyme Limbed Immuno Sorbant Assay[ELISA] technique. Results showed that serum TPA and TPS levels were significantly higher in group 1 as compared to the other groups, P<0.01. Evaluation by histologic findings declared a higher sensitivity of TPA [55.7%] at a specificity 95% in transitional cell carcinoma [TCC] as compared to 39% for TPS. A high percentage of Egyptian bladder cancer [+30%] is represented by- squamous cell carcinoma [SCC]; in this population TPS showed the highest sensitivity reaching up to 66% followed by TPA [48%]. The sensitivity of either marker increased with advancing tumor stage and grade in all histologic types as well as with nodal stage and metastases, p< 0.01. In all treated malignant conditions there was no statistically significant difference between serum TPA and TPS levels in free disease states. Cases showing tumor relapse exhibited a steady rise in both serum TPA and TPS levels before any detectable clinical recurrence with no statistically significant difference between either marker. In conclusion, serum levels of TPA and TPS in bladder cancer patients correlated well with initial tumor stage and grade and served for detecting and monitoring tumor relapse

Pneumatic lithotripsy for the treatment of ureteric calculi

Transureteral lithotripsy has emerged as a popular and standard treatment modality for the management of ureteric calculi. It can be used very effectively to treat ureteric calculi at all locations. In this study, fifty consecutive cases of ureteric calculi treated by ureteroscopy and pneumatic intracorporeal [Lithoclast] lithotripsy have been reviewed. The overall success rate was 92%. With the advent of and continuous refinements in minimally invasive techniques, open surgery is becoming a story of past in the management of ureteric calculi. The success rate for ureteroscopic stone retrieval depends upon the stone size, location and experience of the ureteroscopist. In our experience, ureteroscopic lithotripsy has been found to be a safe, effective and expeditious means of clearing ureteric calculi at all levels. It is tolerated well by the patient, associated with very low morbidity and recommended as a procedure of choice for all ureteric calculi

Evaluation of initial, mid-stream and terminal urinary sample for cytology in follow up of bladder cancer and its comparison with cystoscopy

Study was carried out with a view to know which sample of urine [initial, midstream or terninal] is more useful in detecting the malignant cells. Cytological examination of the voided urine is the only non- invasive method of detection, diagnosis and follow up of tumours of the bladder. A pilot project of 75 patients with biopsy proven carcinomas of the bladder was carried out. Each patient provided fractionated urinary samples [initial, midstream. terminal]. The diagnostic value of each group was assessed and the results' were compared with cystoscopic examination. Twenty four [32%] of patients had both positive cytology and cystoscopy. Twenty-seven [36%] of patients had both negative cytology and cystoscopy. The false neative results were 24% and 0.75% were false positive. The fractionated sampling results showed that 93.33% of the urinary samples including initial, midstream and terminal had yielded cytological results, however, in our experience fractionated urinary sampling does not add to the routinely taken sample of urine for cystology. Study confirms that any sample of urine is satisfactory for diagnostic purpose

Deliberate self-poisoning A toxicological study

The present work was designed to detect drugs and chemicals commonly ingested by suicidal patients. This study was carried out on 100 male and female patients treated from deliberate self- poisoning. Biological samples [20 ml blood, 50 ml urine and 100 ml gastric contents] were collected from every patient. Toxicological analysis was done by enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique [EMIT] and fluorescent immunoassay system [TDX-FLX] for qualitative and quantitative detection. Thin layer chromatography [TLC] was used for the confirmation of EMIT negative results and the detection of insecticides and drugs, which can not be detected by EMIT ad TDX- FLX. From the results obtained it was concluded that the detection of drugs and chemicals used by self-poisoned patients needs more than one analytical method to give accurate results